Australian grammar - Revision history

Lypomania at 08:57, 21 January 2026

2026-01-21T08:57:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:57, 21 January 2026
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	[[Category:Australian language]][[Category:Linguistics]]		[[Category:Australian language]][[Category:Linguistics]]
			[[Category:Grammars]]

Lypomania at 08:56, 21 January 2026

2026-01-21T08:56:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:56, 21 January 2026
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	'''Australian Grammar''' (Australian: ''satarbasang astrelya'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the [[Australian language]], one of the official languages in Australia. In Australian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns (including pronouns), verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (or particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes.		'''Australian Grammar''' (Australian: ''satarbasang astrelya'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the [[Australian language]], one of the official languages in [[Australia]]. In Australian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns (including pronouns), verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (or particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes.

	For clarity, stressed syllables are marked with an acute ⟨á⟩, stressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a circumflex ⟨â⟩, and unstressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a grave ⟨à⟩, as these distinctions are phonemic in Australian phonology, though not in its orthography.		For clarity, stressed syllables are marked with an acute ⟨á⟩, stressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a circumflex ⟨â⟩, and unstressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a grave ⟨à⟩, as these distinctions are phonemic in Australian phonology, though not in its orthography.

Roxanne at 08:54, 21 January 2026

2026-01-21T08:54:20Z

Show changes

Lypomania at 07:51, 20 January 2026

2026-01-20T07:51:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:51, 20 January 2026
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	!Example of derived word		!Example of derived word
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="12" \|'''Prefix'''		! rowspan="12" \|'''Prefix'''
	\|ang-		\|ang-
	\|euphonic		\|euphonic
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	\|''wa-biháng'' "recount"		\|''wa-biháng'' "recount"
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="4" \|'''Infix'''		! rowspan="4" \|'''Infix'''
	\| -eng-		\| -eng-
	\|instrument noun		\|instrument noun
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	\|''l-um-akát'' "go"		\|''l-um-akát'' "go"
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="4" \|'''Suffix'''		! rowspan="4" \|'''Suffix'''
	\| -(y)a		\| -(y)a
	\|imperative		\|imperative
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	\|''egéwan-ali'' "napkin"		\|''egéwan-ali'' "napkin"
	\|-		\|-
	\| rowspan="3" \|'''Circumfix'''		! rowspan="3" \|'''Circumfix'''
	\|ing- -an		\|ing- -an
	\|patient noun		\|patient noun
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	!Oblique		!Oblique
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Proper Noun'''		!'''Proper Noun'''
	\|sing		\|sing
	\|ning		\|ning
	\|king		\|king
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Common Noun'''		!'''Common Noun'''
	\|i		\|i
	\|nung,		\|nung,
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	!Oblique		!Oblique
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''1st person singular'''		!'''1st person singular'''
	\|akú,		\|akú,
	ku		ku
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	\|nakú		\|nakú
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''1st person plural, inclusive'''		!'''1st person plural, inclusive'''
	\|kitá		\|kitá
	\|ta		\|ta
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	natá		natá
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''1st person plural, exclusive'''		!'''1st person plural, exclusive'''
	\|kamí		\|kamí
	\|mi		\|mi
	\|namí		\|namí
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''2nd person singular'''		!'''2nd person singular'''
	\|angká(w),		\|angká(w),
	ka(w)		ka(w)
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	nu		nu
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''2nd person plural'''		!'''2nd person plural'''
	\|kamú		\|kamú
	\|mu		\|mu
	\|nyamú		\|nyamú
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''3rd person singular'''		!'''3rd person singular'''
	\|ya		\|ya
	\|ngya		\|ngya
	\|nya		\|nya
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''3rd person plural'''		!'''3rd person plural'''
	\|siyá,		\|siyá,
	sya		sya
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	!Infinitive		!Infinitive
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Agent trigger I'''		!'''Agent trigger I'''
	\|⟨um⟩		\|⟨um⟩
	''kumerít''		''kumerít''
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	''kumerít''		''kumerít''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Agent trigger II'''		!'''Agent trigger II'''
	\|nar-		\|nar-
	''narkerít''		''narkerít''
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	''markerít''		''markerít''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Agent trigger III'''		!'''Agent trigger III'''
	\|⟨um⟩...-ken		\|⟨um⟩...-ken
	''kumerítken''		''kumerítken''
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	''kumerítken''		''kumerítken''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Object trigger I'''		!'''Object trigger I'''
	\|⟨in⟩		\|⟨in⟩
	''kinerít''		''kinerít''
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	''kinerít''		''kinerít''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Object trigger II'''		!'''Object trigger II'''
	\|⟨in⟩...-ken		\|⟨in⟩...-ken
	''kinerítken''		''kinerítken''
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	''kinerítken''		''kinerítken''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Instrumental/Benefactor trigger I'''		!'''Instrumental/Benefactor trigger I'''
	\|⟨is⟩		\|⟨is⟩
	''kiserít''		''kiserít''
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	''kiserít''		''kiserít''
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Instrumental/Benefactor trigger II'''		!'''Instrumental/Benefactor trigger II'''
	\|⟨is⟩...-ken		\|⟨is⟩...-ken
	''kiserítken''		''kiserítken''
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	!Example of derived phrase		!Example of derived phrase
	\|-		\|-
	\|rowspan=7\|'''Particle'''		! rowspan="7" \|'''Particle'''
	\|''jangan'' (prohibative)		\|''jangan'' (prohibative)
	\|''linikut'' "leave behind"		\|''linikut'' "leave behind"
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	\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"		\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"
	\|-		\|-
	\|rowspan=8\|'''Auxiliary'''		! rowspan="8" \|'''Auxiliary'''
	\|''iwér/yarép'' (want)		\|''iwér/yarép'' (want)
	\|''káci'' "leave"		\|''káci'' "leave"

Lypomania at 07:45, 20 January 2026

2026-01-20T07:45:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:45, 20 January 2026
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	!Example of derived word		!Example of derived word
	\|-		\|-
	\|Prefix		\| rowspan="12" \|'''Prefix'''
	\|ang-		\|ang-
	\|euphonic		\|euphonic
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	\|''ang-syún'' "thought"		\|''ang-syún'' "thought"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|da-		\|da-
	\|un-, in-		\|un-, in-
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	\|''da-jahát'' "undo"		\|''da-jahát'' "undo"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|ma-		\|ma-
	\|adjectivizer		\|adjectivizer
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	\|''ma-yitém'' "black" (adj.)		\|''ma-yitém'' "black" (adj.)
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|maka-		\|maka-
	\|ablitative		\|ablitative
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	\|''makà-eyâ'' "can be sad"		\|''makà-eyâ'' "can be sad"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|maN-CV~		\|maN-CV~
	\|agent noun		\|agent noun
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	\|''mam-buburú'' "hunter"		\|''mam-buburú'' "hunter"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|mampa-CV~		\|mampa-CV~
	\|instrument noun		\|instrument noun
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	\|''mampà-ù-ují'' "examination"		\|''mampà-ù-ují'' "examination"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|paN-CV~		\|paN-CV~
	\|instrument noun		\|instrument noun
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	\|''pang-ya-yamán'' "seasoning"		\|''pang-ya-yamán'' "seasoning"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|paka-		\|paka-
	\|causative		\|causative
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	\|''paka-senáng'' "pleasing"		\|''paka-senáng'' "pleasing"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|par-		\|par-
	\|reflexive		\|reflexive
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	\|''par-kitá'' "see oneself"		\|''par-kitá'' "see oneself"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|pari-		\|pari-
	\|reciprocal		\|reciprocal
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	\|''pari-kép'' "hug each other"		\|''pari-kép'' "hug each other"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|sa-		\|sa-
	\|"whole", equational, quantitative		\|"whole", equational, quantitative
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	\|''sa-karísan'' "whole picture"		\|''sa-karísan'' "whole picture"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|wa-		\|wa-
	\|re-, again		\|re-, again
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	\|''wa-biháng'' "recount"		\|''wa-biháng'' "recount"
	\|-		\|-
	\|Infix		\| rowspan="4" \|'''Infix'''
	\| -eng-		\| -eng-
	\|instrument noun		\|instrument noun
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	\|''s-eng-ujúk'' "pointer finger"		\|''s-eng-ujúk'' "pointer finger"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -in-		\| -in-
	\|patient focus		\|patient focus
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	\|''y-in-amít'' "kissed"		\|''y-in-amít'' "kissed"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -is-		\| -is-
	\|instrument/		\|instrument/
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	\|''y-is-arép'' "wanted for/because of"		\|''y-is-arép'' "wanted for/because of"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -um-		\| -um-
	\|agent focus		\|agent focus
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	\|''l-um-akát'' "go"		\|''l-um-akát'' "go"
	\|-		\|-
	\|Suffix		\| rowspan="4" \|'''Suffix'''
	\| -(y)a		\| -(y)a
	\|imperative		\|imperative
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	\|''kancíng-a'' "clean! (imp.)"		\|''kancíng-a'' "clean! (imp.)"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -an		\| -an
	\|object, locational noun		\|object, locational noun
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	\|''suyúran'' "bed"		\|''suyúran'' "bed"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -ken		\| -ken
	\|transitivizer, applicative, benefactive		\|transitivizer, applicative, benefactive
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	\|''beráy-ken'' "give unto"		\|''beráy-ken'' "give unto"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\| -(a)li		\| -(a)li
	\|diminutive		\|diminutive
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	\|''egéwan-ali'' "napkin"		\|''egéwan-ali'' "napkin"
	\|-		\|-
	\|Circumfix		\| rowspan="3" \|'''Circumfix'''
	\|ing- -an		\|ing- -an
	\|patient noun		\|patient noun
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	\|''ing-kán-an'' "food"		\|''ing-kán-an'' "food"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|ka- -an		\|ka- -an
	\|qualitative, abstract, collective, or likeness noun		\|qualitative, abstract, collective, or likeness noun
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	\|''kà-awák-an'' "creation"		\|''kà-awák-an'' "creation"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|mampa-CV~ -an		\|mampa-CV~ -an
	\|abstract, instrument noun		\|abstract, instrument noun
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!~~colspan=2\|~~Particle or Auxiliary		!
			!Particle or Auxiliary
	!Example of root verb		!Example of root verb
	!Example of derived phrase		!Example of derived phrase

Roxanne: /* Auxiliary verbs and particles */

2026-01-19T10:52:35Z

Auxiliary verbs and particles

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:52, 19 January 2026
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+		\|+
	!		!colspan=2\|Particle or Auxiliary
	!Particle of Auxiliary
	!Example of root verb		!Example of root verb
	!Example of derived phrase		!Example of derived phrase
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Particle'''		\|rowspan=7\|'''Particle'''
	\|''jangan'' (prohibative)		\|''jangan'' (prohibative)
	\|''linikut'' "leave behind"		\|''linikut'' "leave behind"
	\|''jangan linikit ku'' "don't leave me behind."		\|''jangan linikit ku'' "don't leave me behind."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''huya'' (hortative)		\|''huya'' (hortative)
	\|''umuní'' "sing"		\|''umuní'' "sing"
	\|''huya umuní'' "lets sing!"		\|''huya umuní'' "lets sing!"
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''na'' (past tense)		\|''na'' (past tense)
	\|''matáy'' "die"		\|''matáy'' "die"
	\|''matáy na siya'' "they died."		\|''matáy na siya'' "they died."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''keng'' (future tense, comitative mood)		\|''keng'' (future tense, comitative mood)
	\|''sumakít'' "sick"		\|''sumakít'' "sick"
	\|''sumakít keng angkaw'' "you will get sick."		\|''sumakít keng angkaw'' "you will get sick."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''haji'' (negative)		\|''haji'' (negative)
	\|''masenáng'' "happy"		\|''masenáng'' "happy"
	\|''haji masenáng aku'' "I'm not happy."		\|''haji masenáng aku'' "I'm not happy."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''jas'' (just, only)		\|''jas'' (just, only)
	\|''syumúngen'' "think about"		\|''syumúngen'' "think about"
	\|''syumusyúngen jas kungya'' "I'm only/just thinking about it."		\|''syumusyúngen jas kungya'' "I'm only/just thinking about it."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''ba'' (interrogative)		\|''ba'' (interrogative)
	\|''yuwú'' "hungry"		\|''yuwú'' "hungry"
	\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"		\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Auxiliary'''		\|rowspan=8\|'''Auxiliary'''
	\|''iwér/yarép'' (want)		\|''iwér/yarép'' (want)
	\|''káci'' "leave"		\|''káci'' "leave"
	\|''iwér kung kumáci/yarép kung káci'' "I want to leave."		\|''iwér kung kumáci/yarép kung káci'' "I want to leave."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''kuháng'' (need)		\|''kuháng'' (need)
	\|''angkán'' "eat"		\|''angkán'' "eat"
	\|''kuháng kang kumán apá-apá'' "you need to eat something."		\|''kuháng kang kumán apá-apá'' "you need to eat something."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''yapá'' (should)		\|''yapá'' (should)
	\|''kitá'' "see"		\|''kitá'' "see"
	\|''haji yapá kang kitá niyú'' "you shouldn't see this."		\|''haji yapá kang kitá niyú'' "you shouldn't see this."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''sayém'' (know)		\|''sayém'' (know)
	\|''jahát'' "do"		\|''jahát'' "do"
	\|''sayém yang jinahát dyu'' "he knows how to do that."		\|''sayém yang jinahát dyu'' "he knows how to do that."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''daténg'' (habitual, lit. "come")		\|''daténg'' (habitual, lit. "come")
	\|''wérk'' "work"		\|''wérk'' "work"
	\|''daténg yang wumewérk'' "she's been working, she's often working."		\|''daténg yang wumewérk'' "she's been working, she's often working."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''ruyî'' (may, can)		\|''ruyî'' (may, can)
	\|''marsyát'' "smoke"		\|''marsyát'' "smoke"
	\|''haji ruyî kang marsyát dinyú'' "you may not smoke here."		\|''haji ruyî kang marsyát dinyú'' "you may not smoke here."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''ayíri'' (keep, stay)		\|''ayíri'' (keep, stay)
	\|''yarép'' "want"		\|''yarép'' "want"
	\|''ayíri keng kung yarép yu'' "I will keep wanting you."		\|''ayíri keng kung yarép yu'' "I will keep wanting you."
	\|-		\|-
	\|
	\|''kirá'' (think, guess)		\|''kirá'' (think, guess)
	\|''pakasawá'' "funny"		\|''pakasawá'' "funny"

Lypomania at 10:36, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T10:36:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 18 January 2026
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	\|+Australian case markers		\|+Australian case markers
	!		!
	~~\|'''~~Direct~~'''~~		!Direct
	~~\|'''~~Indirect~~'''~~		!Indirect
	~~\|'''~~Oblique~~'''~~		!Oblique
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Proper Noun'''		\|'''Proper Noun'''
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	\|+Australian personal pronouns		\|+Australian personal pronouns
	!		!
	~~\|'''~~Direct~~'''~~		!Direct
	~~\|'''~~Indirect~~'''~~		!Indirect
	~~\|'''~~Oblique~~'''~~		!Oblique
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''1st person singular'''		\|'''1st person singular'''
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	ka(w)		ka(w)
	\|yu		\|yu
	\|nayú		\|nayú,
	nu		nu
	\|-		\|-
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	\|+Australian demonstratives		\|+Australian demonstratives
	!		!
	~~\|'''~~Proximal~~'''~~		!Proximal
	~~\|'''~~Medial~~'''~~		!Medial
	~~\|'''~~Distal~~'''~~		!Distal
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Neutral'''		\|'''Neutral'''
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	\|+Australian verbal conjugation		\|+Australian verbal conjugation
	!		!
	~~\|'''~~Perfective~~'''~~		!Perfective
	~~\|'''~~Imperfective~~'''~~		!Imperfective
	~~\|'''~~Infinitive~~'''~~		!Infinitive
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Agent trigger I'''		\|'''Agent trigger I'''
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	\|+		\|+
	!		!
	~~\|'''~~Particle or Auxiliary~~'''~~		!Particle of Auxiliary
	~~\|'''~~Example of root verb~~'''~~		!Example of root verb
	~~\|'''~~Example of derived ~~verb~~ phrase~~'''~~		!Example of derived phrase
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Particle'''		\|'''Particle'''
	\|''jangan''(prohibative)		\|''jangan'' (prohibative)
	\|''linikut'' "leave behind"		\|''linikut'' "leave behind"
	\|''jangan linikit ku'' "don't leave me behind."		\|''jangan linikit ku'' "don't leave me behind."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''huya''(hortative)		\|''huya'' (hortative)
	\|''umuní'' "sing"		\|''umuní'' "sing"
	\|''huya umuní'' "lets sing!"		\|''huya umuní'' "lets sing!"
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''na''(past tense)		\|''na'' (past tense)
	\|''matáy'' "die"		\|''matáy'' "die"
	\|''matáy na siya'' "they died."		\|''matáy na siya'' "they died."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''keng''(future tense, comitative mood)		\|''keng'' (future tense, comitative mood)
	\|''sumakít'' "sick"		\|''sumakít'' "sick"
	\|''sumakít keng angkaw'' "you will get sick."		\|''sumakít keng angkaw'' "you will get sick."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''haji''(negative)		\|''haji'' (negative)
	\|''masenáng'' "happy"		\|''masenáng'' "happy"
	\|''haji masenáng aku'' "I'm not happy."		\|''haji masenáng aku'' "I'm not happy."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''jas''(just, only)		\|''jas'' (just, only)
	\|''syumúngen'' "think about"		\|''syumúngen'' "think about"
	\|''syumusyúngen jas kungya'' "I'm only/just thinking about it."		\|''syumusyúngen jas kungya'' "I'm only/just thinking about it."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''ba''(interrogative)		\|''ba'' (interrogative)
	\|''yuwú'' "hungry"		\|''yuwú'' "hungry"
	\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"		\|''yuwú ba ka?'' "are you hungry?"
	\|-		\|-
	\|'''Auxiliary'''		\|'''Auxiliary'''
	\|''iwér/yarép''(want)		\|''iwér/yarép'' (want)
	\|''káci'' "leave"		\|''káci'' "leave"
	\|''iwér kung kumáci/yarép kung káci'' "I want to leave."		\|''iwér kung kumáci/yarép kung káci'' "I want to leave."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''kuháng''(need)		\|''kuháng'' (need)
	\|''angkán'' "eat"		\|''angkán'' "eat"
	\|''kuháng kang kumán apá-apá'' "you need to eat something."		\|''kuháng kang kumán apá-apá'' "you need to eat something."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''yapá''(should)		\|''yapá'' (should)
	\|''kitá'' "see"		\|''kitá'' "see"
	\|''haji yapá kang kitá niyú'' "you shouldn't see this."		\|''haji yapá kang kitá niyú'' "you shouldn't see this."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''sayém''(know)		\|''sayém'' (know)
	\|''jahát'' "do"		\|''jahát'' "do"
	\|''sayém yang jinahát dyu'' "he knows how to do that."		\|''sayém yang jinahát dyu'' "he knows how to do that."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''daténg''(habitual, lit. "come")		\|''daténg'' (habitual, lit. "come")
	\|''wérk'' "work"		\|''wérk'' "work"
	\|''daténg yang wumewérk'' "she's been working, she's often working."		\|''daténg yang wumewérk'' "she's been working, she's often working."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''ruyî''(may, can)		\|''ruyî'' (may, can)
	\|''marsyát'' "smoke"		\|''marsyát'' "smoke"
	\|''haji ruyî kang marsyát dinyú'' "you may not smoke here."		\|''haji ruyî kang marsyát dinyú'' "you may not smoke here."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''ayíri''(keep, stay)		\|''ayíri'' (keep, stay)
	\|''yarép'' "want"		\|''yarép'' "want"
	\|''ayíri keng kung yarép yu'' "I will keep wanting you."		\|''ayíri keng kung yarép yu'' "I will keep wanting you."
	\|-		\|-
	\|		\|
	\|''kirá''(think, guess)		\|''kirá'' (think, guess)
	\|''pakasawá'' "funny"		\|''pakasawá'' "funny"
	\|''kirá kung pakasawá ya'' "I think it's funny."		\|''kirá kung pakasawá ya'' "I think it's funny."

Lypomania at 10:31, 18 January 2026

2026-01-18T10:31:59Z

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Lypomania: Created page with "'''Australian Grammar''' (Australian: ''satarbasang astrelya'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Australian language, one of the official languages in Australia. In Australian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns (including pronouns), verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (or particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes. For..."

2026-01-18T10:13:28Z

Created page with "'''Australian Grammar''' (Australian: ''satarbasang astrelya'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Australian language, one of the official languages in Australia. In Australian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns (including pronouns), verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (or particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes. For..."

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'''Australian Grammar''' (Australian: ''satarbasang astrelya'') is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the [[Australian language]], one of the official languages in Australia. In Australian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns (including pronouns), verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (or particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes.

For clarity, stressed syllables are marked with an acute ⟨á⟩, stressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a circumflex ⟨â⟩, and unstressed syllables ending in a glottal stop with a grave ⟨à⟩, as these distinctions are phonemic in Australian phonology, though not in its orthography.

== Word order ==
Australian has a strict verb-initial word order, wherein the order of other arguments is optional and may be rearranged for different pragmatic purposes.

'''B⟨in⟩acâ=ngya kerítan'''

⟨PAT.FOC.⟩read=3.SG.IDR book

"She reads a book"

In Australian, there is also a strong tendency to promote the focus argument, in this case the patient ''keritan'' "book" to front of an utterance, occurring directly after a verb, however this is not mandatory.